这个作业是用C++开发一个自动化测试工具的c++代写案例分享
CSIT314 Group Project – Part II
Project title: Developing an automated testing tool
. Follow the style of the above paper to develop a software testing tool for any domain (it does not have to
be the machine learning domain; for example, it could be the testing of booking.com, a search engine, or a
compiler) of your choice using any programming language that is available in the University lab (e.g., C,
C++, Java, etc).
3. Key requirements
You must follow the Test Driven Development methodology.
Your tool must support automated test case generation (at least randomly).
Your tool must support automated execution of the software under test.
Your tool must support automated result checking & test report generation.
Marking criteria
Have you correctly followed the Test Driven Development (TDD) methodology? Please show the
test data / test suite you designed and executed for each iteration of your TDD process. The quality
of test data and appropriate refactoring are important marking criteria.
To what degree can your tool assist with test data generation?
To what degree can your tool assist with test executions?
5 marks
5 marks
2 marks
To what degree can your tool check the correctness or appropriateness of the test results
automatically? That is, the test oracle you designed. 8 marks
Note: A “test oracle” is a mechanism, or a method, with which the tester can decide whether the outcomes of test
case executions are correct or acceptable. A test oracle answers the question “how can we know whether the test
results are correct or acceptable?” Your automated testing tool must implement an oracle in order to decide
whether the test has passed or failed.
A Testing Tool for Machine Learning Applications
Yelin Liu
Yang Liu
School of Computing and IT
University of Wollongong
Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
yl908@uowmail.edu.au
Booking.com B.V.
Herengracht 597, 1017 CE Amsterdam
Netherlands
flint.liu@booking.com
∗
Tsong Yueh Chen
Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering
Swinburne University of Technology
Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
Zhi Quan Zhou
School of Computing and IT
University of Wollongong
Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
zhiquan@uow.edu.au
tychen@swin.edu.au
ABSTRACT
We present the design of MTKeras, a generic metamorphic testing
framework for machine learning, and demonstrate its effectiveness
through case studies in image classification and sentiment analysis.
In this research, therefore, we ask the following research ques-
tions. RQ1: Can we develop a generic, domain-independent auto-
mated metamorphic testing framework to allow developers and testers
of ML systems to define their own MRs? Here, “define” means “iden-
tify and implement.” RQ2: What is the applicability and effectiveness
of our solution? To address RQ1, we have developed and open-
sourced the first version of an automated metamorphic testing
framework named MTKeras, which allows the users to define their
own MRs based on a prescribed collection of operators. We have
also conducted preliminary case studies to investigate RQ2.
KEYWORDS
Metamorphic testing, metamorphic relation pattern, MR composi-
tion, oracle problem, neural network API, Keras, MTKeras
ML platforms and libraries, such as TensorFlow and Theano, are
now widely available to allow users to develop and train their own
ML models. We have built our MT framework, MTKeras, on the
Keras platform. Keras (https://keras.io) is a popular high-level neural
networks API, developed in Python and working on top of low-level
libraries—those backend engines such as Tensorflow and Theano
can be plugged seamlessly into Keras.
1
Researchers have applied metamorphic testing (MT) to test machine
learning (ML) systems in specific domains such as computer vision,
machine translation, and autonomous systems [8, 9]. Nevertheless,
INTRODUCTION
The Keras API empowers users to configure and train a neural
network model based on datasets for various tasks such as image
classification or sentiment analysis. MTKeras enables automated
metamorphic testing by providing the users with an MR library
for testing their ML models and applications. We have designed
the MR library based on the concept of a hierarchical structure
the current practice of applying MT to ML is still at an early stage.
In particular, the identification of metamorphic relations (MRs) is
still largely a manual process, not to mention the implementation
(
coding) of MRs into test drivers. MRs are the most important com-
ponent of MT, referring to the expected relations among the inputs
and outputs of multiple executions of the target program [3]. It has
(
levels of abstractions) of MRPs [9]. MTKeras also allows the users
been observed that MRs identified for different application domains
often share similar viewpoints, hence the introduction of the con-
to define and run new MRs through the composition of multiple
MRs. The source test cases are provided by the users whereas follow-
up test cases are generated by MTKeras. MR-violation tests are
automatically recorded during testing.
cept of metamorphic relation patterns (MRPs) [5, 9]. For example,
equivalence under geometric transformation” is an MRP that can
“
be used to derive a concrete MR for the time series analysis domain
and another concrete MR for the autonomous driving domain [9].
The design of MTKeras is centered around two basic concepts:
metamorphic relation input patterns (MRIPs) [9] and metamorphic
relation output patterns (MROPs) [
∗All correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Z. Q. Zhou.
5], which describe the relations
among the source and follow-up inputs and outputs, respectively.
Both MRIPs and MROPs can have multiple levels of abstractions.
Examples of MRIPs include replace (changing the value of part of
the input to another value; cf. MR
of [
6
]), noise (adding noise
]), additive and multiplicative (modifying the
input by addition and multiplication, respectively; cf. “metamor-
replace
to the input data; cf. [
7
phic properties” defined by Murphy et al. [4]). Examples of MROPs
include subsume/subset [5, 10], equivalent and equal [5]. MTKeras
is extendable as it allows a user to plug in new MRIPs and MROPs
ICSEW’20, May 23–29, 2020, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Yelin Liu, Yang Liu, Tsong Yueh Chen, and Zhi Qan Zhou
and configure them into concrete MRs. We have implemented it as
The second case study applies MTKeras to test four different
types of ML models (CNN, RCNN, FastText, and LSTM [1]) trained
on an IMDB sentiment classification dataset, a collection of movie
reviews labeled by “1” for positive and “0” for negative feelings. We
define MR3 as follows: Randomly shuffling (permuting) the words
in each movie review shall dramatically reduce the accuracy of the
ML models. The permutative MRIP is very popular in MT practice
(cf. [4]). The validity of MR3 is obvious as shuffling the words makes
the sentence meaningless. The experimental results, however, is
surprising. The results of 100 MT experiments show that shuffling
the words only decreases the accuracy by a very small degree (RNN:
1
a python package for ease of use and open-sourced it at Github .
The user can perform MT in a simple and intuitive way by writing
a single line of code in the following format:
Mtkeras(<sourceTestSet>,<dataType>[,<modelName>]).<MRIPs>[.<MROP>
]
where
cases are stored;
test case) of
text, etc);
model under test.
of MRIPs; and “[.
that modelName
<
sourceTestSet
>
dataType
points to the place where the source test
<
>
declares the type of each element
(
<
modelName
sourceTestData
>
(optional) gives the name of the ML
(e.g., grayscaleImage, colorImage,
<
>
<
MROP
>
MRIPs> represents an MRIP or a sequence
<
>
]” represents an optional MROP. Note
<
and
<
MROP always go together—they are
>
around 4%, CNN: around 7%, FastText: 0%, LSTM: around 3.5%),
indicating that the ML models under test are insensitive to word
orders. This case study shows that MRs can help to enhance system
understanding, confirming our previous report [9].
either both present or both absent. For example, when testing an
image classification model, we could write:
Mtkeras(myTestSet,colorImage,myDNNModel).noise().fliph().equal()
which tells MTKeras to use “myTestSet” (an array name) as the set of
source test cases, where each test case is a color image, to generate
follow-up test cases by first adding a noise point to each image and
then horizontally flipping it. The name of the ML model under test
is “myDNNModel.” The last term, equal(), tells MTKeras to check
whether the classification results for the source and follow-up test
cases are the same. MTKeras then performs MT automatically and
identify all the violating cases. Mtkeras returns an object and the
violating cases are stored in its variable named “violatingCases.”
Note that the model name “myDNNModel” and the MROP “equal()”
are optional, without which MTKeras will return a set of follow-up
test cases without further tests. The user can then use this set of
test cases for various purposes, including but not limited to MT
4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
We have presented the design of MTKeras, a generic metamorphic
testing framework on top of the Keras machine learning platform,
and demonstrated its applicability and problem-detection effective-
ness through case studies in two very different problem domains:
image classification and sentiment analysis. We have shown that
the composition of MRs can greatly improve the problem-detection
effectiveness of individual MRs, and that MRs can help to enhance
the understanding of the underlying ML models. This work demon-
strates the usefulness of metamorphic relation patterns. We have
open sourced MTKeras at Github. Future research will include an
investigation of the time cost associated with the learning curve
for a novice tester to use the tool as well as further extensions and
larger-scale case studies of the framework.
(such as for data augmentation).
