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c语言代写 | CS 2506 Computer Organization II

c语言代写 | CS 2506 Computer Organization II

这是一篇c语言代写简单的MIPS汇编
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
The Assignment  
Recall that an assembler translates code written in mnemonic form in assembly language into machine code.  
You will implement an assembler that supports a subset of the MIPS32 assembly language (specified below). The  
assembler will be implemented in C and executed on Linux. Your assembler will take a file written in that subset of the  
MIPS32 assembly language, and write an output file containing the corresponding MIPS32 machine code (in text format).  
Supported MIPS32 Assembly Language  
The subset of the MIPS assembly language that you need to implement is defined below. The following conventions are  
observed in this section:  
The notation (m:n)refers to a range of bits in the value to which it is applied. For example, the expression  
(
PC+4)(31:28)  
refers to the high 4 bits of the address PC+4.  
imm16refers to a 16-bit immediate value; no assembly instruction will use a longer immediate  
offsetrefers to a literal applied to an address in a register; e.g., offset(rs); offsets will be signed 16-bit  
values  
labelfields map to addresses, which will always be 16-bit values if you follow the instructions  
sarefers to the shift amount field of an R-format instruction; shift amounts will be nonnegative 5-bit values  
targetrefers to a 26-bit word address for an instruction; usually a symbolic notation  
Sign-extension of immediates is assumed where necessary and not indicated in the notation.  
C-like notation is used in the comments for arithmetic and logical bit-shifts: >>a, <<land >>l  
The C ternary operator is used for selection: condition ? if-true : if-false  
Concatenation of bit-sequences is denoted by ||.  
A few of the specified instructions are actually pseudo-instructions. That means your assembler must replace each  
of them with a sequence of one or more other instructions; see the comments for details.  
You will find the MIPS32 Architecture Volume 2: The MIPS32 Instruction Set to be an essential reference for machine  
instruction formats and opcodes, and even information about the execution of the instructions. See the Resources page on  
the course website.  
MIPS32 assembly .data section:  
.
word This is used to hold one or more 32 bit quantities, initialized with given values. For example:  
var1: .word 15  
# creates one 32 bit integer called var1 and initializes  
it to 15.  
#
array1: .word 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 # creates an array of 6 32-bit integers,  
# initialized as indicated (in order).  
array2: .word 2:10 # creates an array of 10 32 bit integers and initializes  
# element of the array to the value 2.  
.
asciiz  
This is used to hold a NULL (0) terminated ASCII string. For example:  
hello_w: .asciiz “hello world” # this declaration creates a NULL  
#
#
terminated string with 12 characters  
including the terminating 0 byte  
Version 8.01  
This is a purely individual assignment!  
1
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
MIPS32 assembly .text section:  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Your assembler must support translation of all of the following MIPS32 assembly instructions. You should consult the  
MIPS32 Instruction Set reference for opcodes and machine instruction format information. That said, we will evaluate your  
output by comparing it to the instruction specifications in the MIPS32 Instruction Set manual.  
Your assembler must support the following basic load and store instructions:  
lw  
rt, offset(rs)  
rt, offset(rs)  
rt, imm16  
# Transfers a word from memory to a register  
GPR[rt] <– Mem[GPR[rs] + offset]  
#
sw  
# Transfers a word from a register to memory  
# Mem[GPR[rs] + offset] <– GPR[rt]  
lui  
# Loads a constant into the upper half of a register  
# GPR[rt] <– imm16 || 0x0000  
Note that the constant offset in the load and store instructions (lwand sw) may be positive or negative.  
Your assembler must support the following basic arithmetic/logical instructions:  
add  
rd, rs, rt  
# signed addition of integers; overflow detection  
# GPR[rd] <– GPR[rs] + GPR[rt]  
addi rt, rs, imm16  
addu rd, rs, rt  
# signed addition with 16-bit immediate;  
#
#
overflow detection  
GPR[rt] <– GPR[rs] + imm16  
# unsigned addition with 16-bit immediate;  
#
#
no overflow detection  
GPR[rt] <– GPR[rs] + GPR[rt]  
addiu rt, rs, imm16  
# unsigned addition with 16-bit immediate;  
#
#
no overflow detection  
GPR[rt] <– GPR[rs] + imm16  
and  
rd, rs, rt  
# bitwise logical AND  
# GPR[rd] <– GPR[rs] AND GPR[rt]  
andi rt, rs, imm16  
# bitwise logical AND with 16-bit immediate  
# GPR[rd] <– GPR[rs] AND imm16  
mul  
rd, rs, rt  
# signed multiplication of integers;  
#
#
no overflow detection  
GPR[rd] <– (GPR[rs] * GPR[rt])(31:0)  
nop  
nor  
sll  
slt  
# no operation  
executed as: sll $zero, $zero, 0  
#
rd, rs, rt  
rd, rt, sa  
rd, rs, rt  
# bitwise logical NOR  
# GPR[rd] <– !(GPR[rs] OR GPR[rt])  
# logical shift left a fixed number of bits  
# GPR[rd] <– GPR[rs] <<l sa  
# set register to result of comparison  
# GPR[rd] <– (GPR[rs] < GPR[rt] ? 0 : 1)  
slti rt, rs, imm16  
# set register to result of comparison  
# GPR[rt] <– (GPR[rs] < imm16 ? 0 : 1)  
sra  
rd, rt, sa  
# arithmetic shift right a fixed number of bits  
# GPR[rd] <– GPR[rt] >>a sa  
Version 8.01  
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2
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
srav rd, rt, rs  
# arithmetic shift right a variable number of bits  
# GPR[rd] <– GPR[rt] >>a GPR[rs]  
sub  
rd, rs, rt  
# signed subtraction of integers  
# GPR[rd] <– GPR[rs] – GPR[rt]  
Your assembler must support the following basic control-of-flow instructions:  
beq rs, rt, offset # conditional branch if rs == rt  
#
#
PC <– (GPR[rs] == GPR[rt] ? PC + 4 + offset <<l 2)  
: PC + 4)  
blez rs, offset  
bgtz rs, offset  
# conditional branch if rs <= 0  
#
#
PC <– (GPR[rs] <= 0 ? PC + 4 + offset <<l 2)  
: PC + 4)  
# conditional branch if rs > 0  
#
#
PC <– (GPR[rs] > 0 ? PC + 4 + offset <<l 2)  
: PC + 4)  
bne  
j
rs, rt, offset  
# conditional branch if rs != rt  
#
#
PC <– (GPR[rs] != GPR[rt] ? PC + 4 + offset <<l 2)  
: PC + 4)  
target  
# unconditional branch  
# PC <– ( (PC+4)(31:28) || (target <<l 2))  
syscall  
# invoke exception handler, which examines $v0  
#
#
#
to determine appropriate action; if it returns,  
returns to the succeeding instruction; see the  
MIPS32 Instruction Reference for format  
Your assembler must support the following pseudo-instructions:  
move rd, rs # copy contents of GPR[rs] to GPR[rt]  
#
#
#
GPR[rd] = GPR[rs]  
pseudo-translation:  
addu rd, zero, rs  
blt  
rs, rt, offset  
# conditional branch if rs < rt  
#
#
#
#
#
PC <– (GPR[rs] < GPR[rt] ? PC + 4 + offset <<l 2)  
: PC + 4)  
pseudo-translation:  
slt at, rs, rt  
bne at, zero, offset  
la  
li  
lw  
rt, label  
rt, imm16  
rt, label  
# load address label to register  
#
#
#
GPR[rd] <– label  
pseudo-translation for 16-bit label:  
addi rt, $zero, label  
# load 16-bit immediate to register  
#
#
#
GPR[rd] <– imm  
pseudo-translation:  
addiu rt, $zero, imm16  
# load word at address label to register  
#
#
#
GPR[rd] <– Mem[label]  
pseudo-translation:  
lw rt, label[15:0]($zero)  
Version 8.01  
This is a purely individual assignment!  
3
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
MIPS32 assembly format constraints:  
The assembly programs will satisfy the following constraints:  
Labels will begin in the first column of a line, and will be no more than 32 characters long. Labels are restricted to  
alphanumeric characters and underscores, and are always followed immediately by a colon character (‘:’).  
Labels in the .textsegment will always be on a line by themselves.  
Labels in the .datasegment will always occur on the same line as the specification of the variable being defined.  
Labels are case-sensitive; that actually makes your task a bit simpler.  
MIPS instructions do not begin in a fixed column; they are preceded by an arbitrary amount of whitespace  
(
possibly none).  
Blank lines may occur anywhere; a blank line will always contain only a newline character.  
Whitespace will consist of spaces, tab characters, or a mixture of the two. Your parsing logic must handle that.  
Registers will be referred to by symbolic names ($zero, $t5) rather than by register number.  
Instruction mnemonics and register names will use lower-case characters.  
Assembly source files will always be in UNIX format.  
You must be sure to test your implementation with all the posted test files; that way you should avoid any unfortunate  
surprises when we test your implementation.  
Input  
The input files will be MIPS assembly programs in ASCII text. The assembly programs will be syntactically correct,  
compatible with the MIPS32 Instruction Set manual, and restricted to the subset of the MIPS32 instruction set defined  
above. Example programs will be available from the course website.  
Each line in the input assembly file will either contain an assembly instruction, a section header directive (such as .data)  
or a label (a jump or branch target). The maximum length of a line is 256 bytes.  
Your input file may also contain comments. Any text after a ‘#’symbol is a comment and should be discarded by your  
assembler. Section header directives, such as .dataand .textwill be in a line by themselves. Similarly, labels (such as  
loop:) will be on a line by themselves. The input assembly file will contain one data section, followed by one text  
section.  
Your assembler can be invoked in either of the following ways:  
assemble <input file> <output file>  
assemble –symbols <input file> <output file> -symbols  
The specified input file must already exist; if not, your program should exit gracefully with an error message to the console  
window. The specified output file may or may not already exist; if it does exist, the contents should be overwritten.  
Output  
Output when invoked as: assemble <input file> <output file>  
Your assembler will resolve all references to branch targets in the .text section and variables in the .datasection and  
convert the instructions in the .textsection into machine code.  
To convert an instruction into machine code follow the instruction format rules specified in the class textbook. For each  
format (R-format, I-format or J-format), you should determine the opcode that corresponds to instruction, the values for the  
register fields and any optional fields such as the function code and shift amount fields for arithmetic instructions (R-  
format) and immediate values for I-format instructions.  
Version 8.01  
This is a purely individual assignment!  
4
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
The output machine code should be saved to the output file specified in the command line. The output file should contain  
the machine code corresponding to instructions from the .textsection followed by a blank line followed by variables  
from the .datasection in human readable binary format (0s and 1s). For example, to represent the decimal number 40in  
1
6-bit binary you would write 0000000000101000, and to represent the decimal number -40 in 16-bit binary you would  
write 1111111111011000.  
The output file is a text file, not a binary file; that’s a concession to the need to evaluate your results.  
Your output file should match the machine code file posted with the grading harness. A sample showing the assembler’s  
translation of the adder.asmprogram is given at the end of this specification.  
Output when invoked as: assemble <input file> <output file> –symbols  
Your assembler will write (to the specified output file) a well-formatted table, listing every symbolic name used in the  
MIPS32 assembly code and the address that corresponds to that label. Addresses will be written in hex. Note: when  
invoked this way, your assembler will not write any other output.  
We will make the following assumptions about addresses and program segments:  
The base address for the text segment is 0x00000000, so that’s the address of the first machine instruction.  
The base address of the data segment is 0x00002000, so that’s the address of the first thing declared in the data  
segment.  
The second fact above implies that the text segment cannot be longer than 8 KiB or 2048 machine instructions. You don’t  
need to do anything special about that fact.  
Version 8.01  
This is a purely individual assignment!  
5
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Sample Assembler Input  
#
#
#
#
adder.asm  
The following program computes the sum of all elements in an array.  
The program then prints the sum of all the entries in the array.  
.
data  
message:  
values:  
.asciiz “The sum of the numbers in the array is: ”  
.word 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29 # array of 10 words  
num_values: .word 10  
# size of array  
# running total  
sum:  
.word 0  
.
text  
main:  
la $s0, values  
# load address of the array;  
#
$s0 will point to the current element  
la $s1, num_values  
lw $s1, 0($s1)  
sll $s1, $s1, 2  
add $s1, $s0, $s1  
li $s2, 0  
# load address of num_values  
# load num_values  
# compute size of array in bytes  
# compute one-past-end address  
# set running total to 0  
j
chk  
# check for empty array  
loop:  
chk:  
lw $s3, 0($s0)  
add $s2, $s2, $s3  
addi $s0, $s0, 4  
# fetch current data element  
# update running total  
# step pointer to next array element  
sub $t0, $s0, $s1  
blez $t0, loop  
# compute distance beyond one-past-end  
# if ( distance <= 0 ) then loop  
#
done processing array elements; store total to memory  
la $s4, sum  
sw $s2, 0($s4)  
# get address for sum  
# write sum to memory  
#
report results to user  
li $v0, 4  
la $a0, message  
syscall  
# system call to print string  
# load address of message into arg register  
# make call  
li $v0, 1  
and $a0, $s2, $s2  
syscall  
# system call to print an integer  
# load value to print into arg register  
# make call  
li $v0, 10  
syscall  
# system call to terminate program  
# make call  
Version 8.01  
This is a purely individual assignment!  
6
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Sample Assembler Output  
Here’s my assembler’s output when invoked as: assemble adder.asm adder.o:  
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0100000000100000010000000101100  
0100000000100010010000001010100  
0001110001100010000000000000000  
0000000000100011000100010000000  
0000010000100011000100000100000  
0100100000100100000000000000000  
0001000000000000000000000001010  
0001110000100110000000000000000  
0000010010100111001000000100000  
0100010000100000000000000000100  
0000010000100010100000000100010  
0011001000000001111111111111011  
0100000000101000010000001011000  
0101110100100100000000000000000  
0100100000000100000000000000100  
0100000000001000010000000000000  
0000000000000000000000000001100  
0100100000000100000000000000001  
0000010010100100010000000100100  
0000000000000000000000000001100  
0100100000000100000000000001010  
0000000000000000000000000001100  
la  
la  
lw  
sll  
add  
li  
j
lw  
add  
addi  
sub  
blez  
la  
sw  
li  
la  
syscall  
li  
text segment for adder.o  
and  
syscall  
li  
syscall  
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1010100011010000110010100100000  
1110011011101010110110100100000  
1101111011001100010000001110100  
1101000011001010010000001101110  
1110101011011010110001001100101  
1110010011100110010000001101001  
1101110001000000111010001101000  
1100101001000000110000101110010  
1110010011000010111100100100000  
1101001011100110011101000100000  
0000000000000000000000000000000  
0000000000000000000000000000010  
0000000000000000000000000000011  
0000000000000000000000000000101  
0000000000000000000000000000111  
0000000000000000000000000001011  
0000000000000000000000000001101  
0000000000000000000000000010001  
0000000000000000000000000010011  
0000000000000000000000000010111  
0000000000000000000000000011101  
0000000000000000000000000001010  
0000000000000000000000000000000  
message +  
terminator +  
padding  
data segment for adder.o  
values  
num_values  
sum  
Version 8.01  
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CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
Data segment notes:  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
The character string variable messageis stored as a sequence of one-byte ASCII codes, with the characters in ascending  
order by address.  
The next value in the data segment is a 32-byte integer, which must be aligned on an address that is a multiple of 4;  
therefore, we must add “padding” NULL bytes before storing the bytes of the integer. The integer variable valuesis  
stored as a sequence of 32-bit values, which are the 2’s complement representations of the values shown in the assembly  
code. In the data segment display above, the first value, 2, is displayed in big-endian byte order:  
0
0000000 00000000 00000000 00000010  
Low address High address  
The value of num_valuesis 10, which is expressed in hex as 0x0000000A.  
0000000 00000000 00000000 00001010  
0
You must be sure that you write the bytes of integers in big-endian order as well.  
Handling of strings in the data segment:  
For example, suppose we have the data segment:  
.
data  
S1: .asciiz “abc”  
I1: .word  
S4: .asciiz “CDEFG”  
I4: .word  
1
4
The corresponding data segment representation should be:  
0
0
0
0
0
1100001011000100110001100000000  
0000000000000000000000000000001  
1000011010001000100010101000110  
1000111000000000000000000000000  
0000000000000000000000000000100  
S1: ‘a’ ‘b’ ‘c’ ‘\0’  
I1: 0x00000001  
S2: ‘C’ ‘D’ ‘E’ ‘F’  
‘G’ ‘\0’ padding bytes  
I2: 0x00000004  
The ASCII codes for the characters in a string are stored in front-to-back order (the opposite of the usual MIPS  
convention). Since MIPS requires a 32-bit integer to be aligned to an address that is a multiple of 4, we must insert padding  
bytes after the string variable S2. We will place those padding bytes as shown above, after the last byte of the string  
variable (‘\0’).  
Output for the -symbolsoption:  
Here’s my assembler’s output when invoked as: assemble -symbols adder.asm adder.sym:  
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
x00002000 message  
x0000202C values  
x00002054 num_values  
x00002058 sum  
x00000000 main  
x0000001C loop  
x00000028 chk  
The order in which you display the symbols is up to you. My implementation writes them in the order they occur in the  
source file, but that is not a requirement.  
Version 8.01  
This is a purely individual assignment!  
8
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
How can I verify my output or test my code?  
Download the posted test/grading tar file and unpack it. This will provide you with a collection of MIPS assembly (.asm)  
files and corresponding assembled object files (.o), placed in a subdirectory testData. For example, if you’ve compiled  
your assembler, you could run it on the first test case by using the command:  
assemble ./testData/test01.asm myobj01.o  
You can then compare your assembler’s output to the reference output by using the supplied compareutility:  
compare 1 ./testData/test01.o myobj01.o  
This will generate detailed output showing any mismatches, and a score. We will use exactly this approach in evaluating  
the correctness of your submission. The first parameter is just a dummy one that has no significance until it is used by the  
grading code.  
Version 8.01  
This is a purely individual assignment!  
9
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Valgrind  
Valgrind is a tool for detecting certain memory-related errors, including out of bounds accessed to dynamically-allocated  
arrays and memory leaks (failure to deallocate memory that was allocated dynamically). A short introduction to Valgrind is  
posted on the Resources page, and an extensive manual is available at the Valgrind project site (www.valgrind.org).  
For best results, you should compile your C program with a debugging switch (-gor –ggdb3); this allows Valgrind to  
provide more precise information about the sources of errors it detects. For example, I ran my solution for a related project,  
with one of the test cases, on Valgrind:  
[
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wdm@centosvm C3]$ valgrind –leak-check=full –show-leak-kinds=all –log-file=vlog.txt  
-track-origins=yes -v disassem C3TestFiles/ref07.o stu_ref07.asm  
=27447== Memcheck, a memory error detector  
=27447== Copyright (C) 2002-2013, and GNU GPL’d, by Julian Seward et al.  
=27447== Using Valgrind-3.10.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info  
=27447== Command: disassem C3TestFiles/ref07.o stu_ref07.asm  
=27447== Parent PID: 3523  
=27447==  
=27447==  
=27447== HEAP SUMMARY:  
=27447==  
=27447==  
=27447==  
in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks  
total heap usage: 226 allocs, 226 frees, 6,720 bytes allocated  
=27447== All heap blocks were freed — no leaks are possible  
=27447==  
=27447== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 2 from 2)  
=27447==  
=27447== ERROR SUMMARY: 0 errors from 0 contexts (suppressed: 2 from 2)  
And, I got good news… there were no detected memory-related issues with my code.  
On the other hand, I ran Valgrind on a different solution to the same project, and the results were less satisfactory:  
[
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wdm@centosvm temp]$ valgrind –leak-check=full ./driver t01.o t01.txt -rand  
. .  
=7962== HEAP SUMMARY:  
=7962==  
=7962==  
=7962==  
in use at exit: 4,842 bytes in 331 blocks  
total heap usage: 331 allocs, 0 frees, 4,842 bytes allocated  
=7962== Searching for pointers to 331 not-freed blocks  
=7962== Checked 111,584 bytes  
=7962==  
=7962== 7 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 26  
=7962==  
=7962==  
=7962==  
. .  
at 0x4C2B974: calloc (in /usr/lib64/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)  
by 0x4020B3: parseJTypeInstruction (ParseInstructions.c:178)  
by 0x400F51: main (Disassembler.c:137)  
=7962== LEAK SUMMARY:  
=7962==  
=7962==  
=7962==  
=7962==  
=7962==  
=7962==  
definitely lost: 3,116 bytes in 233 blocks  
indirectly lost: 590 bytes in 96 blocks  
possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks  
still reachable: 1,136 bytes in 2 blocks  
suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks  
=7962== ERROR SUMMARY: 116 errors from 34 contexts (suppressed: 2 from 2)  
It’s worth noting that Valgrind not only detects the occurrence of memory leaks, but it also pinpoints where the leaked  
memory was allocated in the code. That makes it much easier to track down the logical errors that lead to the leaks.  
Valgrind can also detect computations that use uninitialized variables, and invalid reads/writes (to memory locations that lie  
outside the user’s requested dynamic allocation).  
Do note that Valgrind has its limitations. False positives are uncommon, as are false negatives, but both are possible. More  
importantly, Valgrind depends on using its own internal memory allocator in order to detect memory leaks and out-of-  
bounds memory accesses. Valgrind is not particularly good at detecting errors related to statically-allocated memory.  
Version 8.01  
This is a purely individual assignment!  
10  
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Milestones  
In order to assess your progress, there will be two milestones for the project. Each of these will require that you submit a  
partial solution that achieves specified functionality. Each milestone will be evaluated by using a scripted testing  
environment, which will be posted on the course website at least two weeks before the corresponding milestone is due. We  
will not perform any Valgrind-based evaluation of the milestones, although the test harness may include relevant output.  
Your scores on the milestones will constitute 6% and 9%, respectively, of your final score on the project.  
Milestone 1  
The first milestone will be due approximately two weeks before the final project deadline. Your submission must support  
translation of a MIPS assembly program that consists of a .textsegment including the following instructions:  
add  
rd, rs, rt  
# signed addition of integers; overflow detection  
# GPR[rd] <– GPR[rs] + GPR[rt]  
addi rt, rs, imm16  
# signed addition with 16-bit immediate;  
#
#
overflow detection  
GPR[rt] <– GPR[rs] + imm16  
nor  
rd, rs, rt  
# bitwise logical NOR  
# GPR[rd] <– !(GPR[rs] OR GPR[rt])  
slti rt, rs, imm16  
syscall  
# set register to result of comparison  
GPR[rt] <– (GPR[rs] < imm16 ? 0 : 1)  
#
# invoke exception handler, which examines $v0  
#
#
#
to determine appropriate action; if it returns,  
returns to the succeeding instruction; see the  
MIPS32 Instruction Reference for format  
Your submission for milestone 1 must support references to the $s*and $v0registers. The test files for this milestone  
will not include a .datasegment, and there will be no symbolic labels in the .textsegment.  
Milestone 2  
The second milestone will be due approximately one week before the final submission. Your submission for this milestone  
must support translation of a MIPS assembly program that includes both a .dataand a .textsegment. The .data  
segment may include:  
.
word This is used to hold one or more 32 bit quantities, initialized with given values. For example:  
var1: .word 15  
# creates one 32 bit integer called var1 and initializes  
it to 15.  
#
array2: .word 2:10  
# creates an array of 10 32 bit integers and initializes  
# all the elements of the array to the value 2.  
The .textsegment may include any of the instructions from the first milestone, and also:  
lw  
la  
rt, offset(rs)  
rd, label  
# Transfers a word from memory to a register.  
GPR[rt] <– Mem[GPR[rs] + offset]  
#
# load address label to register  
#
#
#
GPR[rd] <– label  
pseudo-translation for 16-bit label:  
addi rd, $zero, label  
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CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
mul  
rd, rs, rt  
# signed multiplication of integers;  
#
#
no overflow detection  
GPR[rd] <– (GPR[rs] * GPR[rt])(31:0)  
nor  
beq  
rd, rs, rt  
# bitwise logical NOR  
GPR[rd] <– !(GPR[rs] OR GPR[rt])  
#
rs, rt, offset  
# conditional branch if rs == rt  
#
#
PC <– (GPR[rs] == GPR[rt] ? PC + 4 + offset <<l 2)  
: PC + 4)  
bne  
rs, rt, offset  
# conditional branch if rs != rt  
#
#
PC <– (GPR[rs] != GPR[rt] ? PC + 4 + offset <<l 2)  
: PC + 4)  
Your submission for milestone 2 must deal with all requirements for milestone 1, support the $s*, $v0and $zero  
registers, and symbolic labels in both the .textand .datasegments.  
NO LATE SUBMISSIONS WILL BE GRADED FOR EITHER MILESTONE!  
Extra Credit  
For 10% extra credit, implement your assembler so that it will handle a MIPS32 assembly program with a single data  
segment and a single text segment, in either order. The feature must operate automatically, without any extra command-  
line switches or recompilation. This will be evaluated by performing a single test, and there will be no partial credit for  
the feature.  
What should I turn in, and how?  
For both the milestone and the final submissions, create an uncompressed tar file containing:  
All the .cand .hfiles which are necessary in order to build your assembler.  
A GNU makefile named “makefile”. The command “make assembler”should build an executable  
named “assemble”. The makefile may include additional targets as you see fit.  
A readme.txtfile if there’s anything you want to tell us regarding your implementation. For example, if there  
are certain things that would cause your assembler to fail (e.g., it doesn’t handle lainstructions), telling us that  
may result in a more satisfactory evaluation of your assembler.  
A pledge.txtfile containing the pledge statement from the course website.  
Nothing else. Do not include object files or an executable. We will compile your source code.  
Late submissions of the final project will be penalized at a rate of 10% per day until the final submission deadline.  
A flat tar file is one that includes no directory structure. In this case, you can be sure you’ve got it right by performing a  
very simple exercise. Unpack the posted test harness, and follow the instructions in the readme.txtfile. If the two shell  
scripts fail to build an executable, and test it, then there’s something wrong with your tar file (or your C code).  
You can also tell the difference by simply doing a table-of-contents listing of your tar file. The listing of a flat tar file will  
not show any path information. The one on the left below is not flat; the one on the right is flat:  
Version 8.01  
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CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Linux > tar tf C3Test.tar  
C3TestFiles/  
Linux > tar tf C3Source.tar  
assembler.c  
Instruction.c  
IWrapper.c  
C3TestFiles/mref01.asm  
C3TestFiles/mref01.o  
C3TestFiles/mref02.asm  
C3TestFiles/mref02.o  
C3TestFiles/mref03.asm  
C3TestFiles/mref03.o  
compare  
MIParser.c  
ParseResult.c  
Registers.c  
SymbolTable.c  
Instruction.h  
MIParser.h  
prepC3.sh  
testC3.sh  
ParseResult.h  
Registers.h  
SymbolTable.h  
SystemConstants.h  
makefile  
pledge.txt  
Some General Coding Requirements  
Your solution will be compiled by a test/grading harness that will be supplied along with this specification.  
You are required* to implement your solution in logically-cohesive modules (paired .hand .cfiles), where each module  
encapsulates the code and data necessary to perform one logically-necessary task. For example, a module might  
encapsulate the task of mapping register numbers to symbolic names, or the task of mapping mnemonics to opcodes, etc.  
There are many reasonable ways to organize the code for a system as large as this; my solution employs about a dozen  
modules, and involves more than 2300 lines of C code.  
The TAs are instructed that they are not required to provide help with solutions that are not properly organized into  
different files, or with solutions that are not adequately commented.  
We will require* your solution to achieve a “clean” run on valgrind. A clean run should report the same number of  
allocations and frees, that zero heap bytes were in use when the program terminated, that there were no invalid reads or  
writes, and that there were no issues with uninitialized data. We will not be concerned about suppressed errors reported by  
valgrind. See the discussion of valgrindbelow, and the introduction to valgrindthat’s posted on the course  
website.  
In line with the requirement above, we require that you make sensible use of dynamic memory allocation in your solution.  
Just how and where you allocate objects dynamically is up to you, but failure to use dynamic allocation sufficiently will  
result in a deduction.  
Finally, this is not a requirement, but you are strongly advised to use calloc()when you allocate dynamically, rather  
than malloc(). This will guarantee your dynamically-allocated memory is zeroed when it’s allocated, and that may help  
prevent certain errors.  
*
“Required” here means that this will be scored by a human being after your solution has been autograded. The automated  
evaluation will certainly not adjust your score for these things. Failure to satisfy these requirements will result in  
deductions from your autograding score; the potential size of those deductions may not be specified in advance (but you  
will not be happy with them).  
Version 8.01  
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CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Grading  
The evaluation of your solution will be based entirely on its ability to correctly translate programs using the specified  
MIPS32 assembly subset to MIPS32 machine code. That is somewhat unfortunate, since there are many other issues we  
would like to consider, such as the quality of your design, your internal documentation, and so forth. However, we do not  
have sufficient staff to consider those things fairly, and therefore we will not consider them at all.  
At least two weeks before the due date for each milestone, we will release a tar file containing a testing harness (test shell  
scripts and test cases). You can use this tar file to evaluate your milestone submission, in advance, in precisely the same  
way we will evaluate it. We are posting the test harness as an aid in your testing, but also so that you can verify that you  
are packaging your submission according to the requirements given above. Submissions that do not meet the requirements  
typically receive extremely low scores.  
The testing of your final assembler submission will simply add test cases to cover the full range of specified MIPS32  
instructions and data declarations, and to evaluate any extra-credit features that may be specified for this assignment. We  
will release an updated test harness for the final submissions at least two weeks before the final deadline.  
Our testing of your milestone and final assembler submissions will be performed using the test harness files we will make  
available to you. We expect you to use each test harness to validate your solution.  
We will not offer any accommodations for submissions that do not work properly with the corresponding supplied  
test harness.  
Test Environment  
Your assembler will be tested on the rlogin cluster or the equivalent, running 64-bit CentOS 7 and gcc 4.8. There are many  
of you, and few of us. Therefore, we will not test your assembler on any other environment. So, be sure that you compile  
and test it there before you submit it. Be warned in particular, if you use OS X, that the version of gcc available there has  
been modified for Apple-specific reasons, and that past students have encountered significant differences between that  
version and the one running on Linux systems.  
Maximizing Your Results  
Ideally you will produce a fully complete and correct solution. If not, there are some things you can do that are likely to  
improve your score:  
Make sure your assembler submission works properly with the posted test harness (described above). If it does  
not, we will almost certainly not be able to evaluate your submission and you are likely to receive a score of 0.  
Make sure your assembler does not crash on any valid input, even if it cannot produce the correct results. If you  
ensure that your assembler processes all the posted test files, it is extremely unlikely it will encounter anything in  
our test data that would cause it to crash. On the other hand, if your assembler does crash on any of the posted test  
files, it will certainly do so during our testing. We will not invest time or effort in diagnosing the cause of such a  
crash during our testing. It’s your responsibility to make sure we don’t encounter such crashes.  
If there is a MIPS32 instruction or data declaration that your solution cannot handle, document that in the  
readme.txtfile you will include in your submission.  
If there is a MIPS32 instruction or data declaration that your solution cannot handle, make sure that it still  
produces the correct number of lines of output, since we will automate much of the checking we do. In particular,  
if your assembler encounters a MIPS32 instruction it cannot handle, write a sequence of 32 asterisk characters  
(
‘*’) in place of the correct machine representation (or multiple lines for some pseudo-instructions). Doing this  
will not give you credit for correctly translating that instruction, but this will make it more likely that we correctly  
evaluate the following parts of your translation.  
Version 8.01  
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CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Pledge:  
Each of your program submissions must be pledged to conform to the Honor Code requirements for this course.  
Specifically, you must include a file, named pledge.txt, containing the following pledge statement in the submitted tar  
file:  
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
On my honor:  
– I have not discussed the C language code in my program with  
anyone other than my instructor or the teaching assistants  
assigned to this course.  
– I have not used C language code obtained from another student,  
or any other unauthorized source, either modified or unmodified.  
– If any C language code or documentation used in my program  
was obtained from another source, such as a text book or course  
notes, that has been clearly noted with a proper citation in  
the comments of my program.  
<Student Name>  
Failure to include the pledge statement may result in your submission being ignored.  
Credits  
The original formulation of this project was created by Dr Srinidhi Vadarajan, who was then a member of the Dept of  
Computer Science at Virginia Tech. His sources of inspiration for this project are lost in the mists of time.  
The current modification was produced by William D McQuain, as a member of the Dept of Computer Science at Virginia  
Tech. Any errors, ambiguities and omissions should be attributed to him.  
Version 8.01  
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C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Advice  
The following observations are purely advisory, but are based on my experience, including that of implementing a solution  
to this assignment. These are advice, not requirements.  
First, and most basic, analyze what your assembler must do and design a sensible, logical framework for making those  
things happen. There are fundamental decisions you must make early in the process of development. For example, you  
could represent the machine instructions in a number of ways as you build them. They can be represented as arrays of  
individual bits (which could be integers or characters), or they can be represented in binary format, which would be the  
expected format for a “real” assembler’s final output. I am not convinced that either of those approaches is inherently  
better, or that there are not reasonable alternatives. But, this decision has ramifications that will propagate throughout your  
implementation.  
It helps to consider how you would carry out the translation from assembly code to machine instructions by hand. If you do  
not understand that, you are trying to write a program that will do something you do not understand, and your chances of  
success are reduced to sheer dumb luck.  
Second, and also basic, practice incremental development! This is a sizeable program, especially so if it’s done properly.  
My solution, including comments, runs something over 2300 lines of code. It takes quite a bit of work before you have  
enough working code to test on full input files, but unit testing is extremely valuable.  
Record your design decisions in some way; a simple text file is often useful for tracking your deliberations, the alternatives  
you considered, and the conclusions you reached. That information is invaluable as your implementation becomes more  
complete, and hence more complex, and you are attempting to extend it to incorporate additional features.  
Write useful comments in your code, as you go. Leave notes to yourself about things that still need to be done, or that you  
are currently handling in a clumsy manner.  
A preprocessing phase is helpful; for example, it gives you a chance to filter out comments, trim whitespace, and gather  
various pieces of information. Do not try to do everything in one pass. Compilers and assemblers frequently produce a  
number of intermediate files and/or in-memory structures, recording the results of different phases of execution.  
Consider how you would carry out the translation of a MIPS32 assembly program to machine code if you were doing it  
manually. If you don’t understand how to do it by hand, you cannot write a program to do it!  
Take advantage of tools. You should already have a working knowledge of gdb. Use it! The debugger is invaluable when  
pinning down the location of segfaults; but it is also useful for tracking down lesser issues if you make good use of  
breakpoints and watchpoints. Some memory-related errors yield mysterious behavior, and confusing runtime error reports.  
That’s especially true when you have written past the end of a dynamically-allocated array and corrupted the heap. This  
sort of error can often be diagnosed by using valgrind.  
Enumerated types are extremely useful for representing various kinds of information, especially about type attributes of  
structured variables. For example, if implementing a GIS system, we might find the following type useful:  
/
/ GData.h  
enum _FeatureType {CITY, RIVER, MOUNTAIN, BUILDING, . . . , ISLAND};  
typedef enum _FeatureType FeatureType;  
.
..  
struct _GData {  
char* Name;  
char* State;  
.
..  
FeatureType FType;  
uint16_t Elevation;  
}
;
typedef struct _GData GData;  
…  
Version 8.01  
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16  
CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
Think carefully about what information would be useful when analyzing and translating the assembly code. Much of this is  
actually not part of the source code, but rather part of the specification of the assembly and machine languages. Consider  
using static tables of structures to organize language information; by static, I mean a table that’s directly initialized when it’s  
declared, has static storage duration, and is private to the file in which it’s created. For example:  
/
/ GData.c  
#
define NUMRECORDS 50  
static GData GISTable[NUMRECORDS] = {  
{
{
.
{
“New York”, “NY”, …, CITY, 33},  
“Pikes Peak”, “CO”, …, MOUNTAIN, 14115},  
..  
“McBryde Hall”, “VA”, …, BUILDING, 2080}  
}
;
Obviously, the sample code shown above does not play a role in my solution. On the other hand, I used this approach to  
organize quite a bit of information about instruction formats and encodings. It’s useful to consider the difference between  
the inherent attributes of an instruction, like its opcode, and situational attributes that apply to a particular occurrence of an  
instruction, like the particular registers it uses. Inherent attributes are good things to keep track of in a table. Situational  
attributes must be dealt with on a case-by-case basis.  
Also, be careful about making assumptions about the instruction formats… Consult the manual MIPS32 Architecture  
Volume 2, linked from the Resources page. It has lots of details on machine language and assembly instruction formats. I  
found it invaluable, especially in some cases where an instruction doesn’t quite fit the simple description of MIPS assembly  
conventions in the course notes (e.g., slland syscall).  
Feel free to make reasonable assumptions about limits on things like the number of variables, number of labels, number of  
assembly statements, etc. It’s not good to guess too low about these things, but making sensible guesses let you avoid  
(
some) dynamic allocations.  
Write lots of “utility” functions because they simplify things tremendously; e.g., string trimmers, mappers, etc.  
Data structures play a role because there’s a substantial amount of information that must be collected, represented and  
organized. However, I used nothing fancier than arrays.  
Data types, like the structure shown above, play a major role in a good solution. I wrote a significant number of them.  
Explore string.hcarefully. Useful functions include strncpy(), strncmp(), memcpy()and strtok(). There  
are lots of useful functions in the C Standard Library, not just in string.h. One key to becoming proficient and  
productive in C, as in most programming languages, is to take full advantage of the library that comes with that language.  
When testing, you should create some small input files. That makes it easy to isolate the various things your assembler  
must deal with. Note that the assembler is not doing any validation of the logic of the assembly code, so you don’t have to  
worry about producing assembly test code that will actually do anything sensible. For example, you might use a short  
sequence of R-type instructions:  
.
text  
add $t0, $t1, $t2  
sub $t3, $t1, $t0  
xor $s7, $t4, $v0  
Version 8.01  
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CS 2506 Computer Organization II  
Change Log Relative to Version 8.00  
C03: Simple MIPS Assembler  
If changes are made to the specification, details will be noted below, the version number will be updated, and an  
announcement will be made on the course Forum board.  
Version Posted  
Pg Change  
Base document.  
8
8
8
.00  
.01  
.02  
Mar 20  
Mar 21  
Mar 31  
4
9
Corrected inconsistent description of the assembler’s command-line interface.  
Corrected description of interface of compare tool.  
Version 8.01  
This is a purely individual assignment!  
18  
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